Natural Family Planning International

The year 1986 saw two publications on breastfeeding and natural child spacing. Both researchers concluded that the most important factor for extended breastfeeding amenorrhea is night feeding associated with bed sharing between mother and baby.

In the 1990s Dr. William Taylor studied the frequency of breastfeeding and infertility and concluded that it is the short intervals between feedings that delays ovulation. Mothers who nursed with long feedings and long intervals between feedings tended to ovulate earlier. Those mothers who nursed frequently with shorter intervals between feedings were more likely to ovulate later. His 72 American mothers who tended to follow the more natural pattern of breastfeeding averaged 14 months of postpartum infertility.

In 1999, Dr. Taylor found that in one of his study groups, the “median waiting time to first menses was 12.8 months.” In this paper he drew this conclusion: “Stated positively, when babies (1) sleep with the mother, (2) are held close to the mother’s body, and (3) accompany her everywhere, the resulting easy access to the breast may be a causative factor in the ecology of breast-feeding’s contraceptive effect.”  

However, sometimes not everything that is found in a study is published. In personal correspondence, Dr. Taylor gave us some further refined results regarding this study. He wrote: “When we eliminated [from our study results] mothers who returned to work outside the home, did not let their baby sleep with them at night, introduced solids before six months and nursed less than a median of 9 times a day in the first three months, we ended up with a group that might be said to follow the natural mothering norm. For these 55 mothers the median wait to their first menses was 15.9 months.”

Just as the reproductive cycle is at rest during pregnancy, the reproductive cycle is also at rest for a lengthy period of time during breastfeeding – if you take nature as the norm. Sheila remembers well her favorite physiology teacher in high school stressing that the end of the reproductive cycle is not childbirth but breastfeeding. Unfortunately, many nursing mothers have their menstruation return soon after childbirth. But if you take nature as the norm, having menstruation return early is the exception. Extended breastfeeding infertility is the norm.

Someone might ask “How many mothers become pregnant before their first period?” In 1895, basically a non-contraceptive time, this question was researched by Dr. Leonard Remfry who reported that 5.77 percent of the women in his study became pregnant before a first postpartum menstruation. In 1969 a similar rate of 5.4% was found in Rwanda. In 1971, Dr. Konald A. Prem, a professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Minnesota, studied this question and found “only five percent” of his breastfeeding mothers became pregnant before a first menstruation. The studies of Dr. Remfry and Dr. Prem are available at the website of NFP International.

From July 19th to the evening of August 7th (NFP Awareness Week through World Breastfeeding Week) anyone can purchase the following printed books at a 40% discount at lulu:
Natural Family Planning: The Complete Approach (coil edition preferred for learners)
The Seven Standards of Ecological Breastfeeding: The Frequency Factor
Battle-Scarred: Justice Can Be Elusive
Breastfeeding and Natural Child Spacing

Here is some of the natural baby spacing research in certain areas of the world. Among the Canadian Eskimos, traditional breastfeeding spaced births naturally. Conception, not childbirth, occurred at 20 to 30 months postpartum due to traditional breastfeeding. When the trading posts came to the Canadian Eskimos, the Eskimo mothers were introduced to the bottle. The use of the bottle among breastfeeding Eskimo mothers reduced the frequency and duration of breastfeeding, and these mothers were now conceiving 2 to 4 months after childbirth.  In fact, the closer the mothers lived to the trading posts, the sooner their babies came. They completely lost the natural spacing they previously had through traditional breastfeeding.

Dr. Otto Schaefer, one of the two doctors who did much of the fertility research among the Canadian Eskimos, attended an Eskimo women’s conference, and it was the first time he heard the mothers complaining because babies were coming rather quickly. With traditional breastfeeding, babies were well spaced and families averaged 3 to 4 children.  From this experience, Dr. Schaefer taught that 1) “breastfeeding had a greater influence on the life and health of infants than any other single factor,” and 2) that “the traditional Inuit custom of breastfeeding until the age of three years…provided an effective type of birth control,” and 3) that “lactation allowed for a desirable spacing of children.”  

Dr. Schaefer published in 1971, and our first work was published in 1972. A number of studies have corroborated these findings.

In a 1974 Rwanda study, different groups of breastfeeding mothers had different conception rates. In the rural areas 75% of breastfeeding women conceived between 24 and 29 months postpartum, while in the city 75% of the mothers were conceiving between 6 and 15 months postpartum. According to the researchers, the reason the rural mothers conceived much later was due to the fact that they remained with their babies while the city mothers were developing nursing patterns closer to Western cultural nursing and leaving their babies with others.

In 1976 Dr. R. V. Short of Scotland stated: “Throughout the world as a whole, more births are prevented by lactation than all other forms of contraception put together.”  He continued his studies of certain tribes and mammals and in 1984 concluded that frequent nursing is the norm, that is, that the frequent suckling stimulus is the “crucial” factor for postpartum infertility.

In 1980 Konner and Worthman reported that a tribe living in the Kalahari Desert in southern Africa had a natural birth spacing of 44 months due to their mothering and frequent nursing pattern. On average, the mothers in this study were conceiving 35 months postpartum. The babies of this non-contraceptive tribe remained physically close to their mothers day and night during their first two years. The researchers concluded that frequent breastfeeding was the likely key to the child spacing of these people.

In 1985, Dr. James Wood at the University of Michigan’s Population Studies Center studied a New Guinea people, the Gainj, where the child nursed day and night and always slept with his mother. The breastfeeding episodes were short and frequent. These people did not practice contraception or abortion. Their average birth interval was 44 months with an average family size of 4.3 children.

From July 19th to the evening of August 7th (NFP Awareness Week through World Breastfeeding Week) anyone can purchase the following printed books at a 40% discount at lulu:
Natural Family Planning: The Complete Approach (coil edition preferred for learners)
The Seven Standards of Ecological Breastfeeding: The Frequency Factor
Battle-Scarred: Justice Can Be Elusive
Breastfeeding and Natural Child Spacing

Before we continue, we need to define three kinds of breastfeeding: cultural, exclusive and ecological breastfeeding. They are all defined by maternal behaviors.

Cultural breastfeeding is also known as token or partial breastfeeding. With cultural breastfeeding, mothers supplement breastfeeding with formula and early baby foods or liquids, use bottles and pacifiers, and may follow strict schedules and try to get the baby to sleep through the night. Mother-baby separation with babysitters is often characteristic of cultural breastfeeding. All of these cultural practices interfere with the natural spacing of children due to the lack of frequent and unrestricted nursing. Cultural nursing almost never delays the return of fertility.

Exclusive breastfeeding was called total or wholly breastfeeding in the 1960s. Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life is recommended by many medical associations world-wide because this type of breastfeeding offers many benefits to both mother and baby. Exclusive breastfeeding means the mother offers the baby only her milk and only at the breast. Repeated research has shown that exclusive breastfeeding is highly effective in avoiding pregnancy, and now it is called the Lactational Amenorrhea Method. Amenorrhea means the absence of periods. The Lactational Amenorrhea Method has 3 requirements:
1)    The baby must receive only breast milk and directly from the breasts. No other liquid or foods are given.
2)    The baby must be less than 6 months old.
3)    After 56 days postpartum, the mother must be in amenorrhea.
This exclusive breastfeeding method offers the mother at least a 98 to 99 percent rate of infertility before her first menstruation until her baby reaches 6 months of age.  Some research has shown that about 50% of the breastfeeding mothers doing exclusive breastfeeding had their first period return before six months postpartum.  Thus those who promote the Lactational Amenorrhea Method today usually stress two teachings: 1) what is meant by exclusive breastfeeding and 2) the need for frequent nursing day and night. With these emphases, over 80% of mothers were in amenorrhea at 6 months using exclusive breastfeeding.

Ecological breastfeeding is basically natural mothering.  Mother and baby are one, and the mother uses her breasts to satisfy the baby’s hunger and suckling needs. Eventually the baby requires other foods but the nursing continues. This is the only type of breastfeeding associated with an extended amenorrhea after childbirth; it is the only pattern of breastfeeding associated with the natural spacing of births. Ecological breastfeeding is dependent on certain maternal behaviors.  We call these maternal behaviors The Seven Standards.

From July 19th to the evening of August 7th (NFP Awareness Week through World Breastfeeding Week) anyone can purchase the following printed books at a 40% discount at lulu:
Natural Family Planning: The Complete Approach (coil edition preferred for learners)
The Seven Standards of Ecological Breastfeeding: The Frequency Factor
Battle-Scarred: Justice Can Be Elusive
Breastfeeding and Natural Child Spacing
An additional 10% discount is offered by lulu through the end of today, August 3rd.  Code when ordering is INTERNET.  Thus anyone ordering a Kippley print book can receive a 50% discount today.